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Bezel Radio
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A Brief Look Back
In the 1800's America's commerce depended on our railroad system, and railroad safety depended on accurate timekeeping. In 1887 the American Railway Association defined the basic standard for watches. It took a disaster however, to create widespread acceptance of stringent accuracy and durability standards for the timepieces used to regulate the daily operation of American railroads. The biggest impetus was a horrific train wreck on the Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway in Kipton, Ohio an April 19, 1891. One of the engineers watches had stopped for 4 minutes! By 1893 stringent standards for railroad watches had been adopted by almost all railroads.
These standards read, in part:
"...open faced, size 16 or 18, have a minimum of 17 jewels, adjusted to at least five positions, keep time accurately to within 30 seconds a week, adjusted to temps of 34 °F (1 °C) to 100 °F (38 °C), have a double roller, steel escape wheel, lever set, regulator, winding stem at 12 o'clock, and have bold black Arabic numerals on a white dial, with black hands."
The standards were raised from time to time as watchmaking technology improved and the need arose. Once Diesel-Electric locomotives were introduced for instance, watches could not be affected by electromagnetic fields.
Types of Pocket Watches
The two categories are Hunter-case and open-face. Open-face watches have nothing to cover the crystal and are fast and easy to read. They have the winding stem at 12 o'clock and the seconds sub-dial at 6 o'clock. Hunter-case watches have a hinged protective cover to protect the watch crystal from scratches and damage and can have the winding stem and hinge in various places. All railroad chronometers had to be of the open-face kind.
Watch Movements
Vintage pocket Watches have four main types of movements. Railroad Chronometers were all required to be of the Crown-wind, lever-set type. This kind of pocket watch is set by opening the crystal and bezel and pulling out the setting-lever. Once the lever is pulled out, the crown can be turned to set the time. The lever is then pushed back in and the crystal and bezel closed over the dial again. This method of time-setting was preferred by railroad employees, because it was impossible, once the lever was pushed in and the bezel-closed, to accidentally set the watch to the wrong time.
Adjusted Movements
The collector or watch craftsman will see movements marked as "adjusted" or "adjusted to n positions". This marking shows that the watch has been tuned to keep time in up to eight different positions. This is an expensive and time consuming process, and was only done on the highest quality movements. Railroad movements were required to be adjusted to five positions or more.
Jewelled movements
The better vintage pocket watches are judged by how many jewels are in the movement. Jewels, together with proper lubrication-oils minimize damage due to metal to metal contact in a movement. Seven jewels is considered the lowest functional level of jewelling that a movement can receive. These jewels are found in the watch's escapement. Otherwise there can be 11, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23 and 25 jewels. 17 and 21 jewels are the standard in modern, mechanical pocket watches. A quality pocket watch will usually have the movement's jewel-count engraved on the top-plate of the movement.
Manufacturers
One of the foremost requirements for railroad watches was... American origin! Some the main U.S. makers were Ball, Waltham, Hamilton, Elgin, and Illinois. There were others, so stay on the lookout for those rarer makes. Sometimes they can be a good buy on the collector market. Of course european makers such as Omega, Rolex etc. produced some very collectable pocket watches as well. But that is another subject.
For additional information about vintage pocket watches visit my website at Vintage Pocket Watches
railroad pocket watches
Jeep Patriot: to Protect and to Serve
Jeep is probably one of those vehicles that have been involved in a great number of reported road accidents which will probably caused most car buyers to question the reliability of Jeep’s safety features. In fairness, to the Jeep brand almost all of the reported accidents involving Jeep vehicles are not caused by defective parts or mechanical defects not even wiring errors---no, it was nothing of that sort. Most of the accidents involving Jeep are purely caused by inappropriate driving behavior of some people.
The latest addition to the Jeep range the Patriot is equipped with a long list of safety and Security features which are added not because Jeep vehicles are weak on this regard but rather to enhance further the safeness of Jeeps. The Jeep Patriot will also keep the long tradition of the brand in terms of maintaining quality by utilizing quality Jeep components such as the Jeep fan clutch which is very important in keeping the engine cool.
Here is the very long list of safety and security features of the new Jeep Patriot:
Advanced Multi-stage Air Bags: Inflate with a force appropriate to the severity of the impact. Meet advanced air bag requirements for smaller and out-of-position occupants (standard)
All-speed Traction Control: Senses drive-wheel slip and applies individual brakes to a slipping wheel(s), and can reduce excess engine power until traction is regained (standard)
Anti-lock Brake System with Brake Traction Control: Senses and prevents wheel lockup, offering improved steering control under extreme braking and/or slippery conditions (standard)
Auto-reverse Sun Roof: Automatically engages and reverses the power sun roof to the open position (available)
BeltAlert: Periodically activates a chime and illuminates an icon in the instrument cluster to remind the driver to buckle up if not properly belted (standard)
Brake Assist: Applies maximum braking power, providing the shortest possible stopping distance when the vehicle senses a panic brake condition (standard)
Brake/Park Interlock: Prevents automatic transaxle from being shifted out of Park, unless the brake pedal is applied (standard with automatic transaxle)
Child-protection Rear Door Locks: Disables the rear doors' inside-release handles via a small lever on the door-shut face (standard)
Child Seat Anchor System [Lower Anchors and Tethers for Children (LATCH)]: Eases installation of compatible aftermarket child seats (standard)
Constant Force Retractors (CFR): Distribute the force of the front seat belts according to the load or force exerted on them. Force-limits the belt system and gradually releases seat-belt webbing in a controlled manner (standard)
Cross Car Impact Beam: Manages energy in a side-impact collision (standard)
Crumple Zones: Compress during an accident to absorb energy and prevent transfer of that energy to vehicle occupants (standard)
Dual-phase Steel Rails and Tunnel Reinforcements: Manage energy in a collision and allows for weight optimization through the use of high-strength steels (standard)
Electronic Roll Mitigation (ERM): An extension of ESP, uses the input from the ESP sensors to anticipate if the vehicle is at risk of entering a potential roll situation then reacts immediately, applying the brakes individually and modulating throttle position as needed to mitigate the roll situation (standard)
Electronic Stability Program: Enhances driver control and helps maintain directional stability under all conditions. Provides the greatest benefit in critical driving situations, including turns, and is especially valuable when driving on mixed surface conditions such as snow, ice or gravel. If there is a discernible difference between what the driver intends through the steering and the vehicle's path, ESP applies selective braking and throttle input to put the vehicle back onto the driver's intended path (standard)
Energy-absorbing Steering Column: Utilizes two hydroformed coaxial tubes that can move relative to each other and allow the column to move forward for enhanced energy-absorption during a crash. The power-adjust steering column employs a calibrated bending element that deforms during column-stroke for optimal energy management (standard)
Enhanced Accident Response System (EARS): In the event of an accident, automatically turns on the interior lighting and unlocks the doors after air bag deployment, making it easier for emergency personnel to see and reach the vehicle occupants. EARS also shuts off the flow of fuel to the engine (standard)
Head Restraints: Reduce head movement in the event of a collision (standard)
Height-adjustable Seat Belts: Allows occupants to raise and lower the shoulder belt, which encourages seat-belt usage by offering a more comfortable fit (standard)
HomeLink Universal Home Security System Transceiver: Stores three separate radio-frequency codes to operate garage-door openers, security gates, security lighting and other radio-controlled devices (available)
Interior Head-impact Protection: Includes interior pillars above the beltline, instrument panel, windshield and rear window headers, roof and side rail structures and shoulder-belt turning loops, specifically designed to limit head-impact forces (standard)
Knee Bolsters: Enable the air bags to work effectively by properly positioning the vehicle occupant (standard)
Remote Keyless Entry with Illuminated Entry: Locks and unlocks doors, and turns on interior lamps. If the vehicle is equipped with a vehicle-theft security alarm, the remote also arms and disarms that system (available)
Removable/Rechargeable Light-emitting Diode (LED) Flashlight: Mounted in the headliner above the cargo area, snaps out of the bezel to serve as a flashlight (available)
Structural Safety Cage: Protects occupants by managing and controlling energy in the event of an impact (standard)
Seat-belt Pretensioners: During a collision, immediately remove slack from the seat belts, thereby reducing the forward movement of the occupant's head and torso (standard)
Sentry Key(R) Engine Immobilizer: Utilizes an engine key that has an embedded transponder with a preprogrammed security key code to shut the engine off after a few seconds if the correct key is not inserted (standard)
Side Guard Door Beams in Front and Rear Doors: Provide occupant protection during a side impact (standard)
Side Occupant Protection System: Includes side-curtain air bags with roll detection system that deploy in certain rollover situations and side-impact events. Utilizes information from multiple sensors to determine the severity of the impact (standard)
Supplemental Seat-mounted Side Air Bags: Housed in the outboard side of each front seat, offer enhanced protection of the driver and front outboard passenger in certain impacts. Each side air bag has its own impact sensor that autonomously triggers the air bag on the side where the side impact occurs (available - late availability)
Supplemental Side-curtain Air Bags: Extend protection to all outboard front- and rear-seat passengers. Each side air bag has its own impact sensor that autonomously triggers the air bag where the side impact occurs (standard)
Three-point lap Shoulder Seat Belts: Three-point lap and shoulder belt retractors incorporate a pre-tensioning feature to enhance occupant protection in an impact by managing occupant energy (standard)
Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPM): Includes pressure-sensor modules integrated within the valve stems of all four road wheels that send continuous radio-frequency signals to a receiver to inform occupants when the pressure is too low (available)
UConnect(TM) Hands-free Communication System: Uses Bluetooth(R) technology to provide voice-activated wireless communication between the occupants' compatible cell phones and the Patriot's onboard receiver. The hands-free option promotes safety, freedom, value and flexibility (available)
About the Author
Lisa Ziegler is a 29-year old native of Waldport, Oregon and is currently working as a senior research analyst in a top Automotive Research Consultancy firm.
How do I remove the Radio bezel on a 2004 Dodge Ram 1500?
You should have a trash bag hook on the right lower side of your radio "Down Low". Take the screw out of this and then you can carefully pop the benzel off of the radio! Just go slow and be carefull.
iPad WiFi + 3G: jailbroken, dismantled, 3G video criticized (Updated)
Apple launched the 3G-equipped version of the iPad last Friday . Over the weekend, it got poked, prodded, and in one case, completely disassembled. Mobile data access aside, there have been a few differences observed compared to the WiFi-only models, including concerns about video quality and differences in battery life. iFixit tore one apart and discovered a few details about its improved ...
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