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Farad Digital
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A capacitor which used to be called a condenser, is a passive electrical component that is used to "store electricity" in the form of an electrical charge. There are many different kinds of capacitors available from very small capacitor beads used in resonance circuits to large power factor correction capacitors, but they all do the same thing, they store charge.
The simplest kind of capacitor has two parallel conductive plates separated by a good insulating material called the dielectric. Due to this insulating layer, DC current can not flow through the capacitor as it blocks it allowing instead a voltage to be present across the plates in the form of an electrical charge. These conductive plates can be either circular, rectangular or cylindrical in shape with the dielectric insulating layer being air, waxed paper, plastic or some form of a liquid gel as used in electrolytic capacitors.
There are two types of electrical charge, positive charge in the form of Protons and negative charge in the form of Electrons. When a voltage is placed across a capacitor the positive (+ve) charge quickly accumulates on one plate while a corresponding negative (-ve) charge accumulates on the other plate and for every particle of +ve charge that arrives at one plate a charge of the same sign will depart from the -ve plate. Then the plates remain charge neutral as a potential difference due to this charge is established between the two plates. The amount of potential difference present across the capacitor depends upon how much charge was deposited onto the plates by the work being done by the source voltage and also by how much capacitance the capacitor has.
Capacitance is the electrical property of a capacitor and is the measure of a capacitors ability to store an electrical charge onto its two plates. If a voltage of (V) volts is connected across the capacitors two plates a positive electrical charge (Q) in coulombs will be present on one plate a negative electrical charge on the other. Then the capacitor will have a capacitance value equal to the amount of charge divided by the voltage across it giving us the equation for capacitance of: (C = QV) with the value of the capacitance in Farads, (F). However, the Farad on its own is an extremely large unit so sub-units of the Farad are commonly used such as micro-farads (uF), nano-farads (nF) and pico-farads (pF) to denote a capacitors value.
Although the capacitance, (C) of a capacitor is equal to the ratio of charge per plate to the applied voltage, it also depends on the physical size and distance between the two conductive plates. For example, if the two plates where larger or multiple plates where used then there would be more surface area for the charge to accumulate on giving a higher value of capacitance. Likewise, if the distance, (d) between the two plates is closer or a different type of dielectric is used, again more charge resulting in a higher capacitance. Then the capacitance of a capacitor can also be expressed in terms of its physical size, distance between the two plates (spacing) and type of dielectric used.
An ideal capacitor would have an extremely high dielectric resistance and zero plate resistance. This would result in the charge across the plates remaining constant indefinitely once the source voltage was removed. However, real capacitors have some leakage current which pass through the dielectric between the two plates. The amount of leakage current that a capacitor has depends upon the leakage resistance of the dielectric medium being used. Also an ideal capacitor does not lose any of the energy supplied by the source voltage as it is stored in the form of an electric field between the two plates but in real capacitors power is lost due to this leakage current and the resistance value of the plates.
The symbolic representation of a capacitor in an electrical circuit is that of two parallel lines separated by a small gap with a positive plus (+) sign above the top plate if the capacitor is of a polarised type. Like resistors, capacitors can be connected together in several ways either in a series, parallel or a combination of the two. In a parallel combination the potential difference across each capacitor is the same and equal to the source voltage, V and each capacitor stores a charge. The total stored charge, (QT) will be equal to the sum of all the individual charges. As charge Q = CV (from above) and the voltage across a parallel combination is the same the total capacitance will be the sum of the individual capacitances so C total = C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 etc. By connecting together capacitors in parallel a much high capacitance value can be obtained from small individual capacitors.
For a series combination of capacitors, the charging current flowing through the capacitors is the same so the magnitude of the charge is the same on all the plates. Knowing that V = Q/C dividing through by Q will give the total capacitance as the reciprocal of all the individual capacitances added together so 1/CT = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C + 1/C4 etc. By connecting together capacitors in series the equivalent capacitance is less than that of the smallest value capacitor.
I hope that this short beginners guide to the capacitor tutorial has been helpful to anyone who is new to the world of electronics either as a hobbyist or as a student trying to learn electronics.
About the Author
Wayne Storr is the creator of http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws which is a free online tutorials website specialising in Electronics Tutorials that provides good basic electronics information for the student, beginner and hobbyist. Wayne has a broad knowledge of electronics and has worked for nearly 30 years in the electronics industry from which he has gained a degree in Electronics and Control. If you want to learn more about capacitors, the movement of charge and lots of other good tutorials then visit Wayne's Basic Electronics Tutorials website.
(c) Copyright - Wayne Storr, England.
Power Capacitors
Power Capacitors
What are they?
Power capacitors work by acting as a reserve power bank; they store the charge rather than being the source of power such as the battery. When you are listening to your music, and playing a heavy sub-bass note, the power will draw from the capacitor rather than from the battery so to ensure that the rest of the car will not be starved of power i.e. the headlights dimming. It will act as a buffer so that that the power being delivered to the amplifiers will not drop below the recommended voltages and be steady therefore reducing the risk of damage to the components.
So what power capacitor to choose?
After doing a bit of research, the general rule seems to be 1 farad per 1000 watts of power that your system is running at. So using that, a 1.5 farad power capacitor should be ideally suited to a 1500 watt system. There is a large selection of power capacitors available out there, for example, this power capacitor is a 2 farad power capacitor designed for smaller systems, this is not to say however that it will have a reduction in performance, however for those systems that require more power, a power capacitor with a higher farad will be able to deliver for longer and will usually be of a higher build quality. For a high quality power capacitor, I would recommend high quality car audio brands such as Rockford Fosgate. For example there is a selection of Rockford Fosgate series digital capacitors that are available in either 2 farad power capacitor or 10 farad power capacitor options that are well suited for highly demanding systems and as an added bonus, some might even say they look the business!
How to install the capacitor
Ideally the capacitor needs to be installed as close to the amplifiers as possible. The capacitor requires a 12 volt positive from the battery and a separate ground, to the amplifier; so that the 12 volt positive is 'inline' with the terminal from the battery and the amplifier. The amplifier 12 volt positive is then taken from the capacitor while the amplifier is usually grounded separately as it is important to use as short a ground cable as possible to reduce any potential ground interference.
When you need to consider other alternatives
Power capacitors will not always be of help when you are listening to music, if the lights for example dim down, and stay dim, this indicates there is a deficiency of power and there are other methods of solving the problem, it could potentially be that the battery is not able to generate a charge sufficient enough to meet the demands, so installing a higher cranking battery is usually the common solution however it is possible that upgrading "The Big Three" may also solve the issue(see below for more details). It is also important to check that the current alternator can produce a charge that will be sufficient with a larger battery.
'The Big Three'
The big three is a popular upgrade. It consists of upgrading three wires in the car to ones that are much thicker. As a result of using much thicker wire, more current is allowed to flow through; hence the overall effect seen will be that the voltage running through the car will be higher. The three wires that are upgraded are the wire from the alternator to the battery, the engine ground to the chassis and the battery ground to the chassis. It is common, but not always, that people will choose 0 gauge power wire when going about the big three upgrade. This is vital again to ensure that the voltage delivered to the amplifiers does not drop so low that the risk of damage is possible.
Conclusion
So in conclusion, there is no hard or fast answer to if a capacitor is necessary or not. However capacitors may have benefits if used appropriately. There are large selections of capacitors; some come with digital volt meters, distribution blocks etc, while others are purely chosen for aesthetic pleasure, I myself went for a 4 farad power capacitor with a built in digital volt meter with an LCD display so that it was something I was able to display and looks pretty damn cool.
Neil Patel
About the Author
What else do I need to get to install my amp and sub in my car?
I have already swapped out the stock speakers for sony xplods (220 watts in front and 240 watts in the rear) and installed a Dual cd deck (model XDMR7710) (220 watts)It has amp out puts. I recently purchased a Kenwood amp (KAC-6201) Its a 2 channel amp...with RMS wattage 350. It came without any wiring. I also have a 10 inch Sony Xpold Sub (800 watts) with a box. (model # XS-L1037) I also got a TRIPLE X 1.5 FARAD DIGITAL POWER CAPACITOR because I don't want my headlights to dim when the bass dropps. What else would I need to install these?
That amp will severly underpower those subs.
The amp is 150 watts RMS X 1 @ 4 ohms (bridged)
The sub is 300 watts RMS @ 4 ohms
This isn't a bad thing, but the sub won't be used to it's fullest potential.
With such little power, you won't need a cap. Just be sure to set the gain on the amp right.
See my site for more info http://spkrbox1.spaces.live.com
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