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Ground Loop
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 New Pyle PLGI36R 3.5MM / 1/8'' To RCA Stereo Audio Ground Loop Isolator  US $16.99
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GROUND LOOP ISOLATOR FOR 3.5 MM APPLICATIONS List Price: $13.63 Sale Price: $9.91 |
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Close to perfect response of +/- .03 db from 2 to 20,000Hz Utilizes proprietary audio transformers for a 1.3 dB |
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Here are some more information for Ground Loop:
This guide is intended to provide a brief overview of the key considerations when selecting an antenna or looking to implement a custom antenna design. Unfortunately despite the enormous progress made on simplifying radio transmitter and receiver design to the point where simply following the guidelines laid down by the manufacturer can result in a working design, antenna design still requires a grasp of the underlying theory.
TERMINOLOGY
Bandwidth: The range of frequencies on either side of the centre frequency where the antenna characteristics (such as input impedance, polarization, gain and efficiency) are within an acceptable value of those at the centre frequency.
Directivity: The ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction from the antenna to the radiation intensity averaged over all directions.
Efficiency: The amount of energy radiated, compared to the amount of energy at the input terminals of the antenna.
Gain: Closely related to directivity but takes into account the antenna efficiency.
Impedance: The impedance presented by an antenna at its input terminals.
Polarisation: The vector traced by the electric field as viewed along the direction of propagation.
Radiation Resistance: The equivalent resistance that would dissipate the amount of power lost through radiation.
THEORY
As mentioned in the introduction antennas can't be effectively designed and integrated without at least a basic grasp of the underlying principles. Unfortunately while there is some literature that manages to portray the theory without resorting to complex mathematical derivations, most require a solid grasp of Vector Calculus to get much beyond the first chapter. In this article I will keep things as simple as possible.
It does not take long when researching antenna design to realise that the famous Maxwell's equations underpin everything. Fortunately when expressed in "plain English" these are very simple to grasp and I suggest that anyone wishing to understand antenna design should meditate on these equations until they can be expressed in your sleep!
Maxwell's equations are essentially a set of four equations from three of the times greatest scientists (Ampere, Faraday and Gauss). These are:
- The electric flux through a closed envelope equals the charge contained.
- The magnetic flux through a closed envelope is zero.
- The electric field integrated around a closed loop is equal to the negative of the rate of change of the magnetic flux through the loop.
- The magnetic field integrated around a closed loop is equal to the total current that passes through it.
In summary one of the basic requirements for radiation is to maximise the magnetic field, and this is most effectively done by maximising the current and loop area.
There are three regions or zones when considering radiation from an antenna:
- Reactive near field
- The radiating near-field (Fresnel region)
- The far field (Fraunhofer region)
The size of the reactive near field is given by R = 0.62*SQRT(D3/W), where D is the largest dimension of the antenna, and W is the wavelength.
For electrically small antennas the Fresnel region does not exist. The Far-field can generally be assumed to start at 2*D2/W.
ANTENNA TYPES
Dipole
Possibly the most well-known antenna is the dipole, which simply consists of a quarter-wave driven element and a quarter-wave element on the ground or return, this results in overall dimensions equivalent to a half wavelength. The dipole impedance is approximately 73 ohms, and gain is approximately 1.5dB
While providing a very simple and low cost antenna they are not very common for low power radio links due to the relatively large size.
Monopole
A monopole or quarter wave antenna is extremely common in low power radio links and the design is very simple. The impedance is approximately 37 ohms and gain is approximately 5dB. A monopole requires a large ground plane with dimensions of at least quarter of a wavelength, although it is quite acceptable to build your circuitry onto this ground plane. The radiating element should be at 90 degrees to the ground plane to maximize radiation.
A monopole can be "shortened" by inductively loading the antenna to reduce the over-all dimensions but the radiation efficiency will be reduced.
Printed Antennas (PCB)
PCB antennas come in many forms and in fact both dipoles and monopoles can be implemented as copper on the PCB substrate to keep costs down and ease manufacturing. Some of the most common PCB antennas though are both the patch antenna and inverted F (PIFA).
To design an effective patch or PIFA requires both modeling software and a number of iterations, with the appropriate skills to optimize the design. The size of a rectangular patch is normally a quarter wavelength long and the width dictates the bandwidth. The impedance is a function of where the patch feed-point is located providing a degree of flexibility in matching to different chipsets. The dimensions of the patch can be reduced by loading the patch antenna; this is normally achieved using shorting posts to the ground plane at appropriate locations. The overall loop area should be maximized to ensure efficient radiation.
A PIFA antenna is a special case of patch antenna and gets its name from the appearance of the antenna as an "inverted F".
ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS
Input impedance: The input impedance of the antenna is ideally measured using a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA), however an SWR meter or scalar analyzer can be used to test the return loss. The impedance is measured and specified at the centre frequency of the antenna.
Bandwidth: The bandwidth of the antenna is measured using a VNA or SWR meter and is typically specified for an SWR less than 2:1 or Return loss of either -6dB or -10dB.
Pattern: The radiation pattern is best measured in an open field environment ensuring that the receiving or reference antenna is in the far-field. The antenna is then rotated through 360 degrees in both the horizontal and vertical planes to obtain polar plots of the radiation pattern.
Efficiency: In order to calculate the efficiency both the absolute gain and the directivity need to be measured.
Nigel Gaylard is Technical Director of TrimeriX Limited who are wireless consultants, offering design and development. TrimeriX are based in High Wycombe, UK.
Buy Ground Source Heat Pump: Save Your Money & Planet
Are you confused to whether you should buy a Ground Source Heat Pump for your home or office or not? Did you know that a ground source heat pump can alleviate your electricity bill quite considerably? Ground source heat pumps are energy efficient heating systems. They have ergonomic design features that help them use the underground heat for heating the outside air and even water.
Although ground source heat pumps need electricity for running their compressors really quite high. Therefore by investing in Ground Source heat pump you can cut down your electricity bills to a very considerable extent.
Another reason why you should buy a Ground Source Heat Pump is that it allows you to add your bit to saving the planet. The Ground source heat pump is an environmentally-friendly energy system. It doesn't add harmful carbon emissions back into the environment. Also, if you use solar power for running your ground source heat pump you help in energy conservation as well.
However, when buying a Ground Source Heat Pump keep a few important things in mind. You will need to choose a ground loop for your Ground Source Heat Pump, and there are quite a few choices. There is the borehole loop, a straight horizontal and a spiral horizontal loop to choose from. Your choice of ground loop really depends on the space you have available in the borehole or trench, the quality of ground, and of course your budget! A straight trench costs less than borehole trench, but needs more space.
For ground source heat pumps you also need to decide on a heat distribution system. You can of course use radiators or water tanks, but under floor heating is advisable as it works better.
Then you really need to decide whether you are looking for a complete renewable heating system. If so you can use solar power or other renewable forms of energy to power your ground source heat pump, other than using gas or electricity. Whatever you decide it's good advise to keep a back up heating system.
The cost of installation of a ground source heat pump would also depend on whether it is for a new development or if it is to be incorporated with an existing heating systems. In the latter case the cost would be less. And, if you have proper wall and floor insulation, the heat demand would be less, further lowering the cost of ground heat pumps.
There are various places where you can buy Ground Source heat pumps. If you are looking to buy high quality pumps, you can try ecovisionsystems.co.uk This website is a renowned supplier of Ground Source Heat pumps, Air Source Heat Pumps, Solar heating pumps, and other renewable energy products. All of course at competitive rates.
As well as offering genuine Air Source heat pumps and Ground Source Heat pumps, they also offer expert guidance to help you select the right pump as per your heating needs and requirements.
About the Author
Phill ia a well known author and writes articles for ecovisionsystems, renowned manufacturer and supplier in the UK offers renewable energy products including Heat Pump - Ground Source Heat Pump, Air Source Heat Pumps, Solar Water Heating and Solar Hot Water.
Difference between audio and video ground loop isolator?
what is the difference between an audio and video ground loop isolator? Or, can i use an audio ground loop isolator to fix a problem causing poor video signal? The video has some herringbone and is wavy.
you can use either. they take the stray voltage out of the feed and clean it up.
Steam Engine Returns To Georgetown Loop Railroad
Steam power has returned to the Georgetown Loop Railroad. The season began May 1. For the first time in a couple of years, the steam engine has returned to pull passenger cars on the loop.
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