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Voltage Capacitor
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Here are some more information for Voltage Capacitor:
One of the most critical aspects of an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is its standby or back-up battery system, where super capacitors are now beginning to play a role.
A super capacitor resembles a regular capacitor except that it offers high capacitance in a small package. Energy storage is by means of static charge rather than an electro-chemical process, inherent in lead-acid uninterruptible power supply batteries. Applying a voltage differential on the positive and negative plates charges the super capacitor (this concept is similar to an electrical charge that builds up when walking on a carpet).
Their design makes them ideal for small uninterruptible power supply installations whereby they are being utilised in favour of a battery set or to reduce the potential for battery discharge during momentary mains power failures.
The amount of energy that can be stored depends upon the active material used in the design of a super capacitor. Potentially, it can achieve up to 30kW of stored energy.
A super capacitor (also referred to as electric double layer capacitor, electrochemical double layer capacitor or ultra capacitor) consists of two electrodes constructed from a highly activated carbon material, which may be woven. Whereas a regular capacitor consists of conductive foils and a dry separator, the super capacitor crosses into battery technology by using special electrodes and some electrolyte. There are three types of electrode materials suitable for the super capacitor: high surface area activated carbons, metal oxide and conducting polymers. The high surface electrode material, also called Double Layer Capacitor (DLC), is least costly to manufacture and is the most common. It stores the energy in the double layer formed near the carbon electrode surface.
The carbon activated electrodes provide a large reticulated area upon which an active material such as Ruthenium Oxide is deposited. The material provides an enormous area, for example, 1000 square meters per gram of material used. Cellulose paper with polymeric fibers to provide reinforcement is typically used as the separator between the electrodes. Electrolyte is usually diluted Sulphuric Acid. Ruthenium Oxide is converted into Ruthenium Hydroxide by a chemical reaction and this enables energy to be stored.
To operate at higher voltages, super capacitors are connected in series. On a string of more than three capacitors, voltage balancing is required to prevent any cell from reaching over-voltage.
Energy within a super capacitor is quickly available - and this is one of its greatest advantages. When coupled to an existing battery set, they can inhibit battery cycling for momentary interruptions, which helps extend the working life of the set. A super capacitor's working life is typically ten years (double that of an average UPS battery). They can also operate over a wide temperature range (minus 30 to 45 degrees centigrade).
Other Advantages
o Virtually unlimited cycle life - can be cycled millions of times.
o Low impedance - enhances load handling when put in paralleled with a battery.
o Rapid charging -super capacitors charge in seconds.
o Simple charge methods - no full-charge detection is needed; no danger of overcharge.
Limitations
o Linear discharge voltage prevents use of the full energy spectrum.
o Low energy density - typically holds one-fifth to one-tenth the energy of an electrochemical battery.
o Cells have low voltages - serial connections are needed to obtain higher voltages. Voltage balancing is required if more than three capacitors are connected in series.
o High self-discharge - the rate is considerably higher than that of an electrochemical battery.
Whereas the electro-chemical battery delivers a steady voltage in the usable energy spectrum, the voltage of the super capacitor is linear and drops evenly from full voltage to zero volts. Because of this, it is unable to deliver the full charge. If, for example, a 6V battery is allowed to discharge to 4.5V before the equipment cuts off, the super capacitor reaches that threshold within the first quarter of the discharge cycle. The remaining energy slips into an unusable voltage range. A DC-to-DC converter could correct this problem but such a regulator would add costs and introduce a 10 to 15 percent efficiency loss.
The charge time of a super capacitor is about 10 seconds. The ability to absorb energy is, to a large extent, limited by the size of the charger. The charge characteristics are similar to those of an electrochemical battery. The initial charge is very rapid; the topping charge takes extra time. Provision must be made to limit current when charging an empty super capacitor.
In terms of charging method, the super capacitor resembles the lead-acid battery. Full charge occurs when a set voltage limit is reached. But unlike the electrochemical battery, the super capacitor does not require a full-charge detection circuit. Super capacitors take as much energy as needed. When full, they stop accepting charge. There is no danger of overcharge or 'memory'.
Super capacitors are relatively expensive in terms of cost per watt. Some design engineers argue that the money would be better spent providing a larger battery by adding extra cells. But the super capacitor and chemical battery are not necessarily in competition. They enhance one another.
Robin Koffler is the co-author of The Power Protection Blog and the General Manager of Riello UPS Ltd, the UK subsidiary of Riello UPS (RPS S.p.A). For more information visit the Riello UPS - uninterruptible power supplies website.
The Right Way To Discharge Capacitor In Switch Mode Power Supplies
Switch mode power supply contain some large filter capacitors that can hold dangerous charges even if the unit has not been used for several days. Typical values of this type of filter capacitor are 220uf 250volt and 330uf 400volt! If you are going to work on the power supply circuits, it's a good idea to discharge that capacitor first.
There are three ways to discharge the big filter capacitor in a power supply.
1)Discharge it with a screw driver (not recommended).
The reason for not using the screw driver to discharge a capacitor is because
-the printed circuit board or circuitry can be damage due to the spark generated while discharging the high voltage capacitor.
I once blowed the power section using this method. However, if you know that the capacitor stored voltage is not too large, you can easily discharge it with a small screw driver.
-if the capacitor holds a heavier charge of electricity. Discharging the capacitor may melt the tip of the screw driver and the copper on the printed circuit board.
-Sometimes a heavier spark may cause small disintegrated solder lead or copper to fly out from the circuit board and may injured your eyes.
2)Place the leads of a socketed 100 watt electric bulb on the leads of the capacitor.
This method had been used by many technicians around the world for the light bulb will act as an indicator to see if the capacitor still holds the charge. If there is a charge the light bulb will light and after discharged the light bulb will goes off.
3)Place the leads of a high wattage resistor on the leads of the capacitor.
I use a 2.2k ohm 10 watt resistor to discharge the high voltage capacitor in a switch mode power supplies. It is simple to use and very effective .It takes only couple of
seconds to fully discharge the capacitor.
Conclusion
I strongly suggest for those who use screw driver to discharge a capacitor to swift to the second and third method as these is the safest method to protect the circuit and most importantly is yourself.
About the Author
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Finding voltage across a charged capacitor and resistor?
A fully charged capacitor with a voltage of 120 kV is discharged through a resistor.
a) What is the voltage across the capacitor at the end of four time constants?
b) At this time, what is the voltage across the resistor?
Again, four of us and we can't figure out how to do it... and we got A's and B's on the exam!
Please help!
The time constant is the time required for the capacitor to discharge to a value of
1/e of its original charge, where e is a constant (the base of natural, or Napierian
logarithms, and numerically, e is irrational, equal to about 2.718281828459.)
The voltage across the capacitor is directly proportional to the charge on the
capacitor, and after 4 time constants it has decreased to 1/e**4 of its fully
charged value of 120 kV. If e equals 2.718281828..., e to the 4th power equals
54.598 (to 5 significant figures) so the voltage across the capacitor after 4 time
constants equals 120,000 volts divided by 54.598, or 2197.8 volts.
If the resistor is connected directly across the capacitor, the voltage across
the capacitor and resistor are the same at all times.
Hope this answers both parts of your question.
Today in local history
Tuesday June 1, 2010 June 1 50 years ago today NORTH ADAMS -- Patents have been awarded employees of the Sprague Electric Co. for inventions developed at the plant. Director-Consultant Preston Robinson received a patent for a development in high voltage capacitors. Work on a type of low voltage capacitor resulted in patents to Walter Bernard and Sidney Ross of Research and Engineering
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