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Watt Marine
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If the tragedy in the Gulf this summer doesn't make you appreciate the advantages of using renewable energy then you're not really paying attention. In 3 months' time we lost billions of gallons of oil, polluted billions of gallons of water, maimed and killed untold numbers of marine wildlife, devastated miles of U.S. Coastline and put thousands of people out of work. If those numbers don't point out the renewable energy advantages clearly enough for you, then let me break it down a little more.
Renewable energy is energy created using resources we can replace. For example bio-fuels can be created from resources like corn or even algae, resources we can continually create so we'll never run out. Oil is a non-renewable energy source. We can not 'make' more oil and once we use it all up, it's gone forever. This summer we let billions of gallons of oil erupt into the Gulf and we'll never be able to get all of that back out of the water.
Renewable energy also doesn't pollute our environment and ruin both the sea and the sky and everything in between. All of those billions of gallons of oil that spilled out this summer will have a negative impact on our oceans for years to come. And the exhaust fumes from the billions and billions of oil consuming engines in this country are slowly eroding our atmosphere.
Green energy sources are natural, not harmful to the environment. In fact, in a lot of cases, we can draw renewable energy directly from our environment without harming it at all. Solar power, wind power, water wheels, bio-fuels. These types of energy all generate from naturally recurring features of our environment - sunshine, wind, flowing water, growing corn or algae, etc.
You'll be hard pressed to find a pelican who's been injured by the wind or sun. You'll also have a difficult time finding a fish who's been killed because algae was spilled into the ocean. Coastlines are not polluted by corn and water wheels are self contained - they don't break down or explode.
And let's look at the expense involved in solar energy. Researchers have already proven that the average American could very easily produce enough renewable energy to take care of their own personal needs right in their own backyard. Look online and you'll find plans for algae ponds or solar panels or windmills or any of a number of other cost effect, renewable methods for producing energy.
Converting your home and automobile to a renewable energy source may require a bit of an initial investment but that investment is recoverable. Currently, the U.S. Government is even offering tax incentives for home and business owners who convert to solar energy power. And after you've recovered that initial expense, your energy costs are drastically reduced. You may even become completely energy self-sufficient.
When discussing renewable energy advantages it's not only about the money you'll save on your heating bills. There's much more at stake now than just your individual wallet. Finding alternative renewable resources is critical to the very survival of our planet.
To learn more about renewable energy resources and how you can help save the earth, visit Advantages of Solar Power today.
Marine Electronics
Autopilots The first self-steering gear was introduced in the 1920's to control model yachts but it was not until 1948 that the principle was applied to full scale yachts. Standing at the helm for lengthy periods, monitoring instruments and keeping a good look out can be very tiring. An autopilot relieves the helmsman from steering the correct course leaving him free to maintain a proper watch. The autopilot can be set to either steer a compass course or a course relative to the wind. A fluxgate compass or electronic wind indicator feeds information to a microprocessor which then makes the necessary rudder movements to return the vessel to it's required course. The mechanical power is applied to the rudder by either electric linear activators, hydraulic pumps or rotary drives. GPS/Chart plotters can be used to input navigational instructions to the autopilot.
Battery Chargers will keep batteries fully charged thereby extending their working life.
Chart Plotters Typically a chart plotter consists of an antenna, mounted high on the boat, to track GPS signals and a display unit sited either at the at the navigation station or the helm of the vessel. The vessels position is sent from the antenna to the display unit which in turn shows it graphically on the chart. The Chart itself will look similar to it's paper equivalent and show depth, land mass, navigational aids such as bouys and potential dangers in the form of wrecks and obstructions. The user can add way points to the chart and zoom in and out of the display. Chart plotters can be connected to drive an autopilot and/or send GPS data to a fish finder or radar. They can also interface with a laptop enabling complex passage planning to be done away from the boat and then entered into the chart plotter after arriving at the boat.
Magnetic Transmitting Compasses work like traditional compasses using magnets to determine the vessels orientation to the earth's magnetic field they then transmit the boats heading to an electronic display. They make steering easier than with conventional compasses because they display steadier headings and do not suffer from the "lag" that occurs when making a turn. They can interface with chart plotters, autopilots and radar. Fluxgate Compasses consist of two pieces of readily saturated magnetic material with coils wound round them in opposing directions. AC current is passed through the coils and the material is saturated in one direction and then the other. The earth's magnetic field affects slightly the time at which saturation occurs, earlier in one coil and later in the other. The difference is then calculated giving an output proportional to the earth's magnetic field. They are accurate to 0.1 of a degree. Their output can be displayed digitally to the helmsman or they can interface with autopilots, chart plotters and radar.
Echo Sounders work on the same principle as sonar. A transducer emits a narrow beam of high frequency sound. This is reflected by any solid objects and the time between transmission and receipt of the echo is measured. The speed of sound through water is know and so the range or distance to the sea bed can be calculated. That is then displayed in metres. Forward Looking Sonar (FLS) enables you to see the underwater hazards before you're actually on top of them. A typical range for a FLS is 150 metres.
An Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon (EPIRB) is a piece of equipment designed to float free of a vessel in distress. It then sends a radio signal that can be detected by Search and Rescue Satellite Aided Tracking (SARSAT) satellites. They relay a message to a ground station that in turn can instigate a search and rescue operation.
Fish Finders use the same technology as sonar. A narrow beam of high frequency sound is transmitted by a transducer, this is reflected by solid objects such as the sea bed. By developing this technology fishfinders provide displays that show where the fish are and they can differentiate between bait fish and larger species
Global Positioning System (GPS Receivers) - This system was originally designed for military purposes and is owned and operated by the United States Department of Defence. 24 satellites are arranged in a "birdcage" around the globe, they are positioned in such a way that at any place on the earth's surface a direct line of sight can be established to a minimum of 4 satellites. A fix is obtained by measuring accurately the distance between a satellite and the GPS receiver at a precise time. Because the exact position of the satellite is known, these distances provide position lines which are converted by a microprocessor within the GPS receiver to read outs of latitude and longitude.
The log is used to measure the boats speed through the water. A paddle wheel or impeller, mounted below the waterline is turned by the flow of water, this generates electrical impulses that are fed to a microprocessor that displays both speed and distance run.
Inverters - On most boats today you will find domestic equipment of one sort or another. For on board entertainment there are televisions and stereo systems. With the popularity of chart plotters comes the PC or laptop. Maintenance often requires the use of power tools. Liveaboards might have a washing machine, dishwasher or microwave. Can take 12v, 24v or 48v supply and convert it to a stable 110 v or 220v AC supply.
Navtex can perhaps best be described as a continuously updated telex service providing navigation and weather information within specified areas. An on board receiver, tuned to 518kHz, the worldwide Navtex frequency, if left turned on will either print out or display the latest massages sent from a local station. The service is available up to 400 miles from the coast.
Radar enables you to see what otherwise would be invisible. They offer greatest benefit at night and in fog or rain and are of particular value when close to shore or in busy shipping lanes. They consist of an antenna and a display. The antenna sends out a stream of RF energy which is reflected back off hard objects. When this energy is bounced back it is converted to a signal which displayed to the user. The antenna rotates every few seconds, the display continuously calculates the direction of the antenna and so a precise bearing to the target is calculated. The time is measured for the energy to be reflected and so the distance of the target is also displayed.
Satellite Phones consist of an antenna, a modem and a normal handset. They are powered by an iridium battery. Their range is anywhere covered by in Inmarsat Mini-M satellite. Voice, fax, email and data can be transmitted.
Satellite TV requires an antenna and of course a television. Reception is available within a "footprint" which is based on EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power) of a transmitting satellite. The EUTELSAT together with the two ASTRA satellites cover Europe. NILESAT and the two ARABSATs cover Africa and the Middle East. Good coverage is also available in North, Central and Southern America.
SSB Radio has a range of several thousand miles. You will need an FFC license, or the equivalent in whichever country you plan to operate it. Power consumption is a consideration. Up to 100 Watts may be required for transmission. SSB radio requires several items of equipment. A transceiver capable of SSB operation, An antenna, this must be 8 metres long and in practice most boats use a backstay or shroud for the purpose having fitted the necessary insulators. An antenna tuner matched to the transceiver model. If you want to send email you will also need and radio modem and computer.
VHF Radio The power required to transmit is minimal, all sets have the option of transmitting on either 1 Watt or 25 Watts and the lower power should be used whenever possible. Unlike telephones that allow you to both talk and hear at the same time most VHF sets require you to press a transmit button prior to talking. This is known as simplex. Duplex sets are available but are much more expensive. VHF radio waves travel in straight lines so the aerial should be mounted as high as possible, preferably at the masthead.
About the Author
Ken Jones runs a Sailing Site.
More information about marine electronics can be found here
To find manufacturers or suppliers of marine electronics in your area visit the Marine Directory.
please help with 40 gallon marine setup please???? 10 points best answer?
i will be turning my 40 gallon/180 litres into marine.ive done alot of research on marine fishkeeping but im not sure on these.
please can you help me out on these things
do i need a protein skimmer? if so which one?
what filter shall i get?
i will get 2 powerheads but which ones shall i get?
how much live rock shall i add?
can i add more live rock over time or will this just cycle the tank again?
what watt heater shall i get?
i will add live sand.
i know all the essentials i need im just not sure on these.
also how many fish can i keep in the 40 gallon?
and what types of fish can i keep it there?
please list as many you know if poss.
i will get 2 clownfish but can i get a small yellow tang?
thanks in advanced
well, let's see if we can at least knock out some of these questions.
- Regarding the skimmer, the answer is yes, and no. You can make up for not having a skimmer by doing larger, more frequent water changes. A skimmer is, however, highly recommended. I'm not very versed in the current brands out there, but the SeaClone100 can handle this size. I personally like the Coralife Super Skimmers, but I see that they're not in favor with most people.
- For the filter, you have a lot of options. I'd keep it simple, though, and go with a Fluval 405 or something similar, with nothing but the foam, and bio-media. Don't bother with carbon, since that's what the skimmer is for.
- Koralia makes some very nice powerheads to choose from.
- Weight of live rock depends on source. Generally I'd say about 50 pounds will work, but this could be more or less, depending on origin. 50 pound lots are easy to get at a reduced price, since live rock ships in 50# boxes most of the time. Many stores will give you a deal if you just order a box of live rock, rather than buying it piece by piece out of their tanks.
- If getting uncured rock (for example, those box lots), get it all in the beginning. Otherwise, you can buy cured rock and add it to the tank at any time.
- Two 100W heaters would be safest. Otherwise you could go with a single 150-200W
- Live sand is unnecessary if you're buying live rock. Save the money, and get the dry reef sand, instead. Just make sure you get a proper grain size.
As for the fish, it depends on what you want. You can't fit a whole lot in there, but you have some options, at least. Do your research, and begin jotting down stocking ideas. Always check and cross-check compatibility, and I'd say keep it to about 5-8 smallish fish. NO TANGS. There are no species suitable for this tank size.
If it were me, and I were using all commonly available species, I would perhaps do something like:
- 2 ocellaris clownfish
- firefish or purple firefish
- six-lined wrasse or yellow "coris" wrasse
- royal gramma
- dwarf or pygmy angel (some species to consider are flame, lemonpeel, and cherub)
- small species of blenny (canary, midas, bicolor)
- yellow watchman goby
You can then add various small invertebrates, like blue-legged hermit crabs, scarlet hermit crabs, astrea snails, cerith snails, nessarius snails, skunk cleaner shrimp, a blood shrimp, peppermint shrimp, etc. The yellow coris, should you decide on it, can sometimes pester some of the smaller stuff.
With some of these suggestions, I'm assuming about 2" of fine marine sand.
I will reiterate the importance of this, here. NO tangs, butterflies, angels over 5", triggers, puffers, lions, etc. Generally, try to stick with fish 4" or less, as an adult size.
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Film Review: Harry Brown (3 stars): 'Michael Caine is Harry Brown,' states the opening credits of this British film. How foreboding that sounds depends on what your reading of 'is' is. Give it a normal tone and it’s merely a neutral description of his character’s name. Stressed and spoken with menace -- 'Michael Caine is Harry Brown!' -- and suddenly he’s Dirty Harry Brown, Britain’s answer to ...
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